Peter I, known as Peter the Great, was the grandson of Mikhail Romanov. He is called the "Father of Modern Russia" because he laid the foundation for a new era in Russian history. Through centralization of monarchy, military reforms, Westernization, religious control, and an expansionist foreign policy, he transformed Russia into a powerful and modern state.
Russia’s Condition and Challenges
Russia’s boundaries were vast but effectively closed from all sides:
- To the North – Ice covered the land for nine months.
- To the South – The Ottomans and Persia blocked access to the seas.
- To the East – Dense forests prevented the construction of viable trade routes.
- To the West – Ambitious rulers of Poland and Sweden had their eyes set on Russia.
The Patriarch of the Church wielded influence not only over religion but in every aspect of Russian life. The Tsar’s guards (Streltsy) and the assembly of Boyars (nobility) dominated the political system. As a result, Russia was a backward, isolated, traditionalist, and rigid society.
Peter’s Vision for Reforms
Peter was eager to change these conditions. He firmly believed that Russia’s prosperity lay in its Westernization. He resolved to strengthen Russia’s ties with European nations.
To break Russia’s geographical isolation, he sought to expand Russian territory to the Baltic Sea in the west and the Black Sea in the south. This policy was called the "Warm Water Policy"—the pursuit of ice-free seaports that could remain operational throughout the year.
Additionally, Peter understood that without a strong and centralized monarchy, these goals could not be achieved. He remained committed to these objectives throughout his life and ultimately succeeded.
Peter’s Domestic Policies: A Blueprint for Russia’s Transformation
1- Secret European Tour (1697-98)
Before modernizing Russia, Peter embarked on a secret journey to Europe. He traveled to Holland, England, and Prussia, where he studied modern shipbuilding, military strategies, science, and administrative systems.
- In Holland, he worked at shipyards to learn shipbuilding techniques.
- In England, he studied modern armies and navies.
- In Austria and Prussia, he analyzed political administration and industrialization.
During this trip, he successfully recruited foreign engineers, scientists, and technicians to bring back to Russia. However, during his absence, his own army in Moscow rebelled, forcing him to return hastily and accelerate his reform program.
2- Suppression of Revolts and Military Modernization
While Peter was abroad, the Streltsy (Tsar’s elite guards) revolted.
- On his return, he crushed the rebellion brutally—thousands of soldiers were executed, and their families were exiled.
- He dismantled the old army and built a new, disciplined, and modern military with new recruits and professional officers.
- He established Russia’s first navy, which later played a key role in his expansionist ambitions.
3- Control Over the Church and Religious Reforms
The Russian Orthodox Church was extremely powerful and beyond the Tsar’s control.
- In 1700, after the death of the Patriarch, Peter did not appoint a successor.
- Instead, he placed the Church under state control and, in 1721, created the ‘Holy Synod,’ an institution to oversee church administration.
- While he allowed limited religious tolerance, the Church was completely subordinated to the monarchy.
4- Administrative Reforms and Centralization of Power
Peter was inspired by Louis XIV of France and introduced authoritarian rule in Russia.
- He abolished the Russian parliament (Duma) and established a loyal bureaucracy under direct royal control.
- Russia was divided into 8 provinces and 50 districts for efficient administration.
- He created a new nobility (nobles of service), who were entirely dependent on the Tsar’s favor.
5- Westernization and Social Reforms
Peter aimed to transform Russia into a Western-style nation.
- He banned long beards and imposed a tax on those who refused to shave.
- Western-style clothing was made mandatory.
- Women were encouraged to step out of seclusion and participate in society.
- Tobacco consumption was made compulsory, as it was considered a symbol of European modernity.
- French customs were introduced in the royal court, and cultural life was reshaped on Western models.
6- Economic and Industrial Reforms
Russia’s economy was predominantly agrarian, but Peter promoted industry and trade.
- The government established state-controlled industries in iron, metallurgy, arms production, and shipbuilding.
- Banking systems and trade regulations were introduced.
- A bourgeois (middle) class emerged, bringing economic dynamism to Russia.
7- Development of Education and Science
Peter realized that modernization was impossible without education.
- Schools and universities were established for the upper classes.
- Foreign languages (especially French) became compulsory.
- Russia’s first Academy of Sciences was founded.
- The first Russian newspaper was published.
- Scientific and technical education was promoted, enabling Russia’s entry into the modern age.
8-Founding of St. Petersburg – Russia’s New Capital
Peter disliked Moscow, as it represented old Russia.
- He built a new capital, St. Petersburg, on the banks of the Neva River near the Baltic Sea.
- St. Petersburg was called "Russia’s Window to the West" as it became a hub of European trade and culture.
Conclusion
His two key policies were:
- Establishing an absolute monarchy
- Westernization of Russian society