वा न करना
फ़िरक़ाबन्दी के लिए अपनी ज़ुबाँ, छिपके है बैठा हुआ
हंगाम-ए-महशर यहाँ।
वस्ल के
सामान पैदा हों तेरी तहरीर से, देख, कोई
दिल न दुख जाए तेरी तक़रीर से।
महफ़िले-नव
में पुरानी दास्तानों को न छेड़, रंग पर जो अब न आएँ उन
फ़सानों को न छेड़।
सर
सैयद अहमद के लिए इकबाल
हिन्दी
होने पर नाज़ जिसे कल तक था, हिजाज़ी
बन बैठा
अपनी
महफ़िल का रिन्द पुराना आज नमाज़ी बन बैठा।
इकबाल के लिए आनंद नारायण "मुल्ला"
ये
दाग़ दाग़ उजाला ये शब-गज़ीदा सहर, वो
इंतिज़ार था जिस का ये वो सहर तो नहीं
ये
वो सहर तो नहीं जिस की आरज़ू ले कर , चले
थे यार कि मिल जाएगी कहीं न कहीं
सुबहे आज़ादी, फैज़ अहमद फैज़
हिन्दू
भी सुकूँ से है मुसलमाँ भी सुकूँ से, इंसान
परेशान यहाँ भी है वहाँ भी
उठता
है दिल-ओ-जाँ से धुआँ दोनों तरफ़ ही, ये
'मीर' का
दीवान यहाँ भी है वहाँ भी
निदा फ़ाज़ली
Why did the partition of
India happen? The leaders of the Indian National Congress have generally
attributed this to the policy of 'divide and rule' of the British, while
European writers have attributed the partition to the lack of unity among
Indians and mutual enmity between Hindus and Muslims. In the view of the Muslim
League, the establishment of Pakistan was inspired by the desire of a new
nation to forge its own ideals and culture, which could not be satisfied with
anything other than a separate state. If the various circumstances at the time
of partition of India are studied, it is known that in reality no one reason
can be held responsible for the partition of India. The following reasons were
mainly responsible for the partition of India -
1. Growth
of Muslim communalism
In the first freedom
struggle of 1857 AD, Hindus and Muslims had jointly
opposed the British rule, but with the passage of time communalism developed
among the Muslims and they started to feel that their interests and those of
the Hindus were different. Muslims also started thinking that Hindus were in
large numbers in India and Muslims were also backward from educational point of
view. In such a situation, if the British leave India, they will become
dependent on the Hindus. This is corroborated by Jinnah's statement to
Mountbatten. In the words of Jinnah, “I consider that partition is necessary.
We cannot trust Hindus."
2. Resurgent
politics of Hindutva
Many such reformers
emerged in the nineteenth century who reminded the Indians of the glorious past
of ancient India and inspired the public to work for the revival of Hinduism.
Although the aim of these social reformers was to improve the condition of
India, but due to this, Muslims started to look at Hindus with suspicion. For
example, 'Ganesh Chaturthi' and 'Shivaji festival' by Tilak, 'Kali Panth' by
Arvind and Lala Lajpat Rai breathed new life into Arya Samaj. Although these
works were not anti-Islamic, they indirectly helped the separatist policies
between Hindus and Muslims.
3. Divide
and rule policy of British rule
The Battle of Plassey was
called the Plassey Revolution by the British and it was explained to the Hindus
that it was their liberation from the cruel rule of the Muslims. Due to the
attack on Somnath, the soul of Hindus was suffering for thousand years, its
first claim was made in 1848 in the Common
Assembly of Britain. After the revolution of 1857,
the Muslims were told through Hunter's Indian Musalman that it was better for
them to stay away from the Hindus and its benefits were enumerated. So, he
started following the policy of 'divide and rule'. As a result of this policy
of their,
the distance between Hindus and Muslims continued to increase. In the
beginning, they
tried to incite the feeling of communalism by taking Sir Syed Ahmed Khan under
his influence, but when it did not get the desired success, Bengal was
partitioned in 1905 AD. On not being satisfied even with
this, in 1909 it was announced to implement the
communal election system by passing an act. This work of Lord Minto greatly
helped in increasing communalism and greatly increased the distance between
Hindus and Muslims. This is why Dr. Rajendra Prasad has written, "The real
father of Pakistan was not Iqbal or Jinnah but Lord Minto".
4. Congress's
policy towards the Muslim League
Some policies of the
Congress were also responsible for the partition of India. The Congress always
adopted the policy of appeasement towards the Muslim League and also accepted
its wrong demands, due to which the feeling of communalism increased. For example,
in 1916, the Congress, in agreement with the
Muslim League, accepted the separate electoral system. Similarly, at the time
of the Communal Award (1932 AD), the Congress
adopted a wrong policy, which encouraged separatism. Similarly, the Congress made
a big mistake by including the Muslim League in the interim government, because
the ministers of the Muslim League made the functioning of the interim
government difficult. This led to the conclusion that the Congress and the
Muslim League could not rule jointly, hence the demand for Pakistan gained
strength.
5. Dogma
of Jinnah
Although the original
idea of creating Pakistan was not Jinnah's, but once it was accepted, Jinnah
was not ready to accept anything less than Pakistan. English policies also promoted
Jinnah. Due to this stubbornness of Jinnah, it became impossible to find a
solution to the Indian problem. In this context, the statement of the then
Viceroy Lord Mountbatten is remarkable, "I was proud of the fact that I
could make people do the right and proper thing, but it was not possible to do
anything in the case of Jinnah. It was made (for Pakistan) and no power could
shake it. I admit that I failed in Jinnah's case.
6. Communal
riots
The partition of India
had become necessary because of Jinnah's obstinacy. Along with that, the way
communal riots took place in India from time to time, it also became clear that
the partition of India was necessary. The manner in which a large number of
people were killed on the 'Direct Action Day' on August 16,
1946
forced the Congress to think that in reality it was impossible to reach an
agreement with the Muslim League and make it permanent. This is also confirmed
by the statement of Acharya Kriplani, "Seeing these terrible scenes, my
thoughts regarding this problem have been greatly influenced and like others, I
am also forced to think that partition is the only solution to this
problem."
7. Doubts
in the stability of Pakistan
Many Congress leaders
were of the view that even after the formation of Pakistan, it would not be
able to survive and it would be merged with India, so these leaders accepted
the creation of Pakistan as a temporary solution to the problem, but unfortunately
this hope was never fulfilled.
8. Threat
of transfer of power
By 1947
AD, it had become clear to the British government that it was not possible for
them to maintain authority over India for a long time. Therefore, on February 20,
1947,
British Prime Minister Attllee had announced that by
June, 1948, power would be handed over to the
Indians. Due to this announcement of the British, the Indian leaders were
forced to think that if the Indian problem is not resolved soon, then the
British government will act at its own discretion and transfer the power, which
could be harmful for India and if there is a civil war, India will be divided
into two. It could be divided into more than 100
parts, so the Congress leaders got ready for the partition of India by accepting
the Mountbatten Pact.
9. Congress
finally agreed
The Congress was
initially strongly opposed to the partition of India. Mountbatten wrote that,
"Nehru was horrified at the idea of partition". Mahatma Gandhi told
Mountbatten, "Come what may, he should not even dream of the partition of
India." But seeing the situation at that time, finally the Congress
leaders were forced to change their views and they realized that there was no
other way than partition. Sardar Patel also accepted this fact and said, "I
felt that if we did not accept the partition, India would have been divided
into many pieces and would have been completely ruined, I felt that instead of
one Pakistan in our country, many will become."
10. Mountbatten's
influence
Shortly after coming to
India, it became clear to Mountbatten that the partition of India was
necessary, because he had seen that it was impossible to have any agreement
between the Congress and the Muslim League with Jinnah present. In the words of
Mountbatten itself, the situation in India had become so explosive that it was
as if standing on a volcano. So, he explained to the Congress leaders to get
ready for the partition. Lady Mountbatten (Edwina) also helped a lot in this
work of Mountbatten. Referring to the influence of Lord Mountbatten on the
Indian leaders, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad has written, “Pt. Nehru, if not a
supporter of partition, was at least a staunch opponent of the formation of
Pakistan within a month of Lord Mountbatten's arrival in India. became neutral.
I think that one of the main reasons for this change was the personality of
Lady Mountbatten.
In this way, all the
above reasons created such conditions that apart from the partition of India,
there was no other option for the Indian problem. Thus, India became
independent on August 15, 1947,
but a day before that India was partitioned.
Be that as it may, today we must turn our historical gaze beyond the 'causes of Partition' to the people who lived through Partition, the nightmare it created, and the transmigration it brought. We should be looked at. In fact, the "truth of Partition" lay in the violence it generated, and so recent historiography has moved away from causal-centrism to a meaningful extent and has become more interested in its experiences. This is evidenced by the recent spate of publications that focus on memories of Partition, creative literature depicting that tragic experience, and pictorial representations of the " great tragedy" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hee6EMHMAk . So that while learning from it, we do not become its victim again.
कोई टिप्पणी नहीं:
एक टिप्पणी भेजें