Iqbal
Poet and political theorist Muhammad Iqbal is considered the originator of the idea of a separate state for Muslims, Pakistan, and is said to have "given the movement the necessary emotional foundation". Inspired by the spirit of Pan-Islamism, Iqbal said at the Allahabad session of the All India Muslim League in 1930, "If this principle is accepted that a permanent solution to the communal question of India is to be found by the Indian Muslims in their own India, If the country has the right to the full and free development of its culture and traditions, then I would like to see that the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan should be united into one state, whether inside or outside the British Empire, a North-West Indian Muslim State. The formation of the Muslim League appears to me to be the ultimate goal of the Muslims, at least in North-West India.
Rehmat Ali
The definite idea of a separate homeland for Muslims to be called Pakistan originated in the mind of Rahmat Ali, a student of Cambridge University. He thought that the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province (which can also be called the Afghan province), Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan should be the national country of the Indian Muslims and he called it Pakistan. The word Pakistan was formed by taking the first letter of the first four provinces and the last letter of the fifth province. Rahmat Ali was of the view that Hindus and Muslims are basically separate nations. He said, "Our religion, culture, history, traditions, literature, economic system, rules and regulations, succession and marriage are completely different from Hindus."
Jinnah, March 1940, Lahore session of the League
Hindus and Muslims are separate nationalities, it was announced in no uncertain terms by Muhammad Ali Jinnah at the March 1940 Lahore session of the League. “They (Hindu and Muslim) are not religions in the orthodox sense of the word, and distinct social conditions and it is a dream that Hindus and Muslims may ever together form one nation. To bind such two nations together in a state in which one is a minority and the other a majority, will increase discontent and the machinery for the government of such a state will ultimately be destroyed." The Muslim League passed a resolution demanding the partition of India. Thus the Lahore session of the Muslim League gave the League an aspiration and a programm. Thereafter, Pakistan became as important a part of the religion for the Muslims as the Quran.
Cripps Mission (1942)
The Cripps Plan (March-April 1942) gave further impetus to the Muslim League's demand for the partition of India. It was clear in the announced resolutions of the government that the constitution made after the war would be accepted only on the condition that-
(a) If any province of British India does not accept this new constitution and wants to maintain its provisional constitutional position, it can do so. And if later it wants to merge with the Indian Union, it will be possible.
(b) For the provinces not so merged, if they so desire, the British Government will recognize a separate constitution for them and that too will have a status equal to that of the Indian Union.
The League also rejected the Cripps Plan and reiterated the demand for Pakistan.
Wavell Plan (1945)
Lord Wavell called a conference in Shimla in June-July 1945 to resolve the differences between the Congress and the Muslim League. The Congress proposed to appoint two Congress Muslims from among its members. Jinnah insisted that all Muslim members should be nominated by the League itself. Lord Wavell ended the conference due to deadlock, that is, in a way it was accepted that Mr. Jinnah had every right to block India's constitutional progress.
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
In the general elections of 1945–46, the Muslim League won a majority of seats in all the Muslim-majority provinces except the North-West Frontier Province. He got about 75% of the votes of the Muslims. The plan of the Cabinet Delegation was published on 16 May 1946. In it the demand for Pakistan was rejected and in its place a central government was suggested under which foreign affairs, defense and means of communication would be handled. But it partially accepted the demand of the League and suggested dividing all the provinces into three parts. These groups were to have complete self-government and this almost sums up the essence of Pakistan.
Nehru's newspaper announcement July 10, 1946
Nehru took over as Congress President in July 1946, and thereafter issued a statement to the newspapers, in which he said that in the Constituent Assembly, "we will be able to modify the Cabinet Delegation Scheme as we please." This statement of Nehru was like a bombshell for Jinnah. He was already not very happy with the plan. Now he took it to mean that the Congress was rejecting the plan. Maulana Azad described Nehru's statement as "those unfortunate one of the events which changed the course of history." Jinnah came to the firm conclusion that there was no way out for the League except through Pakistan.
Direct Action and Communal Riots (1946-47)
The Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the plan of the Cabinet Delegation and observed 'Direct Action Day' on 16 August 1946. This direct action was not taken against the British to take Pakistan, but against the Hindus for the same purpose. The League instigated communal riots in Bengal, U.P., Bombay, Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier Province.
Attlee's statement of February 20, 1947:
Attlee announced on February 20, 1947 that his government was determined to hand over sovereignty to the Indians before June 1948. If the Muslim League does not cooperate, “the British Government will have to think to whom the central sovereignty of the British territories should be handed over by a certain date. Should all the power be transferred to some kind of central government, or to the provincial governments in other provinces, or in any other way that is fair and in the interest of the Indians. Will be maintained in some form, had changed, that means there was a possibility of becoming Pakistan.
Partition of India accepted in Mountbatten Plan:
Lord Mountbatten announced the partition of India in a declaration of June 3, 1947. The Indian Independence Act was passed by the English Parliament in July 1947 and according to it, from August 15, 1947, India was divided into two independent nations, India and Pakistan.
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