Jahangir not only adopted the divine theory of kingship propounded by his father Akbar but also expanded it further. His concept was that the king is chosen by God, and only the person deemed worthy is elevated to this position. In Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri, he explicitly stated that kingship and governance cannot be granted by rebels or any other force. This ideology was reflected in his major decisions and policies.
Symbolic Importance of Light
Jahangir deepened the divine aspect of kingship by adopting the title Nur-ud-Din and naming his cherished possessions with terms associated with light, such as:
- Naming his queen Nur Mahal and Nur Jahan.
- Naming his favorite horse Nur-e-Asp and his elephant Nur-e-Fil.
This symbolism highlighted the spiritual and emblematic facets of Jahangir’s rule.
Dealing with Rebellions and Protecting Kingship
During Jahangir’s reign, two significant rebellions occurred: the rebellion of Khusrau and the rebellion of Shah Jahan. Jahangir maintained the divine nature of his kingship while dealing with these uprisings.
- Khusrau’s Rebellion: Jahangir suppressed it ruthlessly, perceiving it as a test of his divine power.
- Shah Jahan’s Rebellion: This ended with conditional forgiveness and compliance with royal decrees, demonstrating loyalty to the Mughal kingship and acceptance of the divine principle.
Balancing Tolerance and Orthodoxy
Jahangir adopted Akbar’s policy of Sulh-e-Kul (universal tolerance), while also initially attempting to appease orthodox ulemas.
- Tolerance: Jahangir is regarded in contemporary texts as a follower of Akbar's traditions.
- Control over the Ulemas: Instead of promoting orthodox ideologies, Jahangir maintained control over them.
Justice: A Pillar of Popularity
Jahangir was seen as a just ruler. He hung a chain of justice outside his palace, symbolizing the accessibility of justice. Though it remains debatable whether it was truly available to the common people, it reinforced public trust in law and justice.
Approach Towards Rebel Groups
Jahangir sentenced Sikh Guru Arjan to death for supporting the rebel Khusrau, justifying it under the divine principles of the state and justice. Similarly, other rebellious groups, such as the followers of Shvetambara Jain guru Man Singh, were also punished.
Administrative Decisions and Divine Principles
Jahangir awarded the title of Shah to Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan) for his campaigns in the Deccan, emphasizing the superiority of the Mughal Empire’s authority over the southern states. This decision aligned with his divine theory, which regarded the king’s position as God-given and supreme.
Conclusion
Jahangir infused his reign with divine principles and symbolism while preserving Akbar's traditions. Through justice, religious tolerance, and administrative acumen, he solidified his position. His reign, evaluated through contemporary contexts and principles, reflects a blend of divine authority and practical politics, providing stability to the Mughal Empire from a modern perspective.
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