Regarding, Dr. R. P. Tripathi has a clear opinion that, 'The real beginning of Muslim sovereignty in India is from Iltutmish'. In fact, there were no clear prior traditions when he took over the throne. Nor established order, but when he closed his eyes, then a dynasty was firmly established. Now we see a clear concept of 'Muslim kingship theory' in the period of Iltutmish. According to the above concept, the principle of Muslim sovereignty or Kingship had two aspects, one was practical (De facto) and the other was constitutional (De Jure).
Practical aspect of
Iltutmish's Kingship
From
a practical point of view, the ruler who maintains law
and order in the state; If he keeps
the country safe and protected from external attacks,
and successfully collects state taxes in the prescribed
amount in a fixed period, then
he is a practical ruler.
1. Simple
solution to the problem of inheritance
He
had appointed Nasiruddin Mahmud
as his successor, his
best child but after his death, when he was forced by
circumstance to appoint Razia as his successor,
even
during the Gwalior campaign he had, in
fact, tested her
by handing over the administrative responsibility of the state to Razia. It was
only after evaluating his administrative prowess that he declared Razia as his
successor.
2. Mongol
invasion
Second
incident, Mongol invasion
led by Changez Khan.
The policy of 'Unprecedented
Isolation' adopted by him and
the diplomatic steps he took to keep his kingdom safe and secure, a
great
catastrophe was successfully averted.
3. Faith
in the divine principle of dynastic monarchy
According
to Professor K. A. Nizami's view,
Iltutmish
believed in a dynastic monarchy and had ordered books named 'Adabussalain' and
'Maasirussalatin' from Baghdad for
the
purpose
of
imparting
knowledge
of
Iranian
monarchical
traditions and principles of diplomacy to his sons.
He himself studied them and also coordinated them in the Indian environment. He
had full faith in the divine principle of the ruler and used to behave in
such a way that clearly he could successfully control
his subordinates .
4. Basis
of Kingship
- Military and Peerage
The
bases of his monarchy were military and umrah. Apart from Turks,
Afghans,
he also gladly included a large number of Tajiks in Umra, and the benefit of
their prior administrative experience, under
his generous patronage, could have been passed on to the infancy state of
Delhi. Chalisa was formed to support.
5. Form
of administration
Not
only this, this Sultan, who laid the foundation of 'Muslim
sovereignty', had also laid the basis of an 'Indian'
administrative
form by giving protection to Hindu rulers, whose
logical conclusion we see till the time of Akbar and the great Mughals.
6. Judicial
system
Qazi
and Amir-e-Dad were appointed in the
cities for justice. According to Ibn Battuta, there were two lions with bells
around their necks in front of the Sultan's palace, which could be played to
get justice. The complainant used to wear red clothes.
Constitutional
aspect of Iltutmish 's Kingship
In
fact, constitutionally he could be accepted as the ruler only,
who fulfills the minimum constitutional qualifications.
From this point of view, Iltutmish was the first Sultan to fulfill these
qualifications. Hence he is considered the first constitutional sultan .
1. Coin
circulation
The
circulation of money and its universality gives legitimacy to the governance of
any state. At the same time, it creates a kind of unity by bridging the
difference of “we vs them” of
citizens. Thus each sultan had to circulate the currency of his name. It
introduced the circulation of pure Arabic coins, the silver Tanka
and the copper Jital, on which the
mint and the name of the Caliph were inscribed.
2. Name
in khutba
'Khutba'
i.e.
special after the ascension was performed on Friday afternoon (usually around
one o'clock) in the name of the Sultan; The name of Iltutmish
was also included in this Khutba.
3. Oath
of allegiance to the Umarah
"Baiyad"
Bayyid
or Bayyat, it was the oath of allegiance taken by the nobles to the Sultan,
through
which indirect election was realized; This
oath of allegiance gave legitimacy to the ruler, to rule.
4. Emancipation
from slavery
Iltutmish
had received this slavery emancipation letter in 1206
AD.
At
the time of coronation When the jurists under the leadership of Kazi
Wajihuddin Kashani raised questions on this, they
were shown the emancipation certificate from slavery.
5. Recognition
from the Caliph
Iltutmish
was the first Sultan of Delhi, Who was
received consecration
from Al Mustanisar Billah the Caliph of Baghdad, on February 18,
1229
AD.
On this occasion the capital was decorated and the festival was celebrated.
Conclusion
Thus
Sultan
Iltutmish
was fully aware of the prevailing principles of kingship and the one who
followed/implemented it .
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