When Babur came in India, the effect of kingship theory of Turk - Mongol begins and to be seen in the nature of the state and the concept of kingship. However, even in this period, the kingship is visible only in divine and autocratic form. The first task of the Mughals was to establish both respect and administrative fear among the conquered people and for this task the all-powerful recognition of the ruler was necessary.
1.
Divine principle of Kingship
Being
a descendant of Timur, the Mughal emperor was also entitled to accept the
divine principle of kingship according to tradition. Timur himself writes in
his memoirs that whenever the God bestows sovereignty on a person, he also
bestows him
with special prestige and discretion,
so that through this the
human remains obedient to him. This virtue is a ray of divine majesty, which
shines on the emperor. It is just a reflection of a just God.
2.
Bear the title of Padshah
After
conquering Kabul, Babur assumed the title of Padshah
in 1508 AD. He writes in his autobiography that till that time he addressed
to mirza But later he ordered that the people would call him
the Padshah. There were many reasons to assume the title of Padshah, the first
humiliation of losing Fergana.
Secondly, he was trying to declare his supremacy among all the
Timur dynasty as well. Third,
he was trying to prove
his superiority over his contemporaries.
3.
Belief in the hereditary right of the Emperor
Babur
believed in the hereditary right of the
emperor. In his letter to
Abusayed regarding the succession of Badakhshan, he discusses the hereditary
rights. In 1529 AD, both things become clear from the letter suggesting to his
son. First, he was looking at Humayun as his successor, hence
giving advice for this purpose. Secondly,
this letter sheds enough
light on the kingship of Babur.
4.
Emphasis
on the importance of activism for
Emperor
In
1529 he wrote a letter to his son Humayun. In this letter, light is thrown on
his ideas related to the principle of kingship. He writes that “there is no
greater bondage than the kingdom. Solitary or lazy life is not proper for
emperors. That is, the emperor should be active. He advises Humayun that he
should do official work in consultation with qualified, experienced
nobles and his well- wishers. He suggests to Humayun to order the nobles to
appear before him twice for state work.
5.
Emphasis
on social behavior
Accepting the supremacy of the dynasty and
the kingship, he used to openly meet with the rich in social dealings. Many
such occasions are mentioned in his autobiography when he used to get
unconscious while indulging in mingling with the Umrah. This was natural to
reduce the pride of the ruler.
6.
The
division of the empire under the influence of Timur and
the Mongol system
To the influence of Timur
and the Mongol system, Babur instructed Humayun to divide the empire after him. He fixed the ratio of Humayun and
Kamran as six to five, but he decided against his two other sons, Askari and
Hindal. Nothing has been written in his autobiography regarding this.
Perhaps because of Kamran's fiery nature, he thought it necessary to fix his
proportion.
7.
Emphasis on tolerance
Babur
to Humayun is worth noting . “People of every religion live in the land of
India. Alhamdolillah, the kingdom of this country has been handed over to you.
Do justice by removing discrimination from your heart. Especially don't
sacrifice a cow. With this you will win the hearts of the people of India and
people will join the kingdom. Do not demolish the places of worship of those
living in the Sultanate. Do justice to such an extent that the people are happy
with their king and the king with the people. Islam will move forward softly, not
by the sword of oppression. Turn a blind eye to Shia -Sunni conflicts or else
Islam will be weakened .
Thus
the supremacy of the ruler,
dynasty-glory, hereditary
succession, division of empire among sons, umrah
and ruling in consultation with his well - wishers were the main considerations
of his kingship. Later on, Sheikh Abul Fazl has
written it in this way - "In him the eight principles of ruling the
world were completely present. First high fortune second high courage Third
power to conquer the world Fourth ability to handle country Fifth effort to
improve cities Sixth goodness of comman
man in heart Seventh advice to keep the soldiers happy and
Eighth strength to stop the army from spreading destruction".
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