The progress, efficiency and expansionist policy of Gujarat's ruler Bahadur Shah had raised concerns for Humayun and he became an enemy.
Causes of conflict
1. Victory of Bahadur Shah:
Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, was a very ambitious ruler. He was continuously increasing his power and was posing a threat to the Mughal Empire. His vision was on the throne of Delhi. In March 1531, he captured Malwa. After this he attacked Mewar. The kingdom of Mewar was situated between Delhi and Malwa. If Bahadur Shah establishes authority over Mewar, he reaches the border of the Mughal Empire and can directly attack the Mughal Empire.
2.Refuge of Mughal rebels
In fact, Bahadur Shah's court had become a refuge for Humayun's enemies. Many of the rebels went to the court of Bahadur Shah. Among these Humayun's brother in law Muhammad Jaman Mirza was also there who rebelled against Humayun and reached Bahadur Shah from Bayana's prison. These nobles thought to Bahadur Shah that Humayun was a half-baked ruler and his army had no power. That's why it is not difficult to coup Delhi. Humayun also understood that his war was inevitable. He wrote a letter to Bahadur Shah not to give shelter to his enemies, especially Muhammad Jam Mirza. Bahadur Shah did not give the relevant reply to Humayun. On this Humayun decided to fight with him.
3. Smells of Conspiracy
Bahadur Shah had allied with Humayun's enemy Sher Khan and was helping him against Humayun. Bahadur Shah had also established contact with the ruler of Bengal who was plotting against Humayun. Humayun's warnings through letters did not work.
4. Bahadur Shah increased his artillery
Bahadur Shah was enriching his artillery with the help of famous Turkish gunners Rumi Khan, Amir Mustafa, Khwaja Safar etc. This made Humayun sensitive.
Events
Departure of Humayun:
In 1535 AD, Humayun left Agra with his army and reached Gwalior and from there started keeping an eye on the activities of Bahadur Shah. After a few days, Humayun moved further and reached Ujjain. These days Bahadur Shah was besieging Chittor. It is said that Rani Karnavati, the mother of Rana Vikramaditya of Chittor, sent a rakhi to Humayun seeking his help. This was a golden opportunity for Humayun but Humayun did not take any benefit from it. He did not help the Rajputs thinking that Bahadur Shah was fighting with the infidels and if Humayun helped the infidels then he would be responsible at the time of doomsday. The result of this was that Bahadur Shah's authority over Chittor was established and his power increased greatly. He looted Chittor a lot and got immense wealth.
Attack on Bahadur Shah:
Now Humayun's eyes also opened and he proceeded to attack Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah built a front by digging trenches from all sides in Mandsaur to block Humayun's way. He put his artillery in front and hid his army behind it. Humayun came to know about this. That's why Humayun's horsemen started raining arrows on Bahadur Shah's army from a distance and made Bahadur Shah's artillery useless. Humayun also cut off his logistics route. On this Bahadur Shah ran away from Mandsaur and went to Mandu. The Mughal army quickly followed Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah fled to Champaner with only five loyal followers. The Mughals got the right on the fort of Mandu. On reaching Champaner, Bahadur Shah sent the women of his harem and his treasury to Deu, which was in the possession of the Portuguese. After this, Bahadur Shah set fire to Champaner, so that the enemy could not take any advantage. After this Bahadur Shah fled to Khambhat. Humayun followed him with a thousand horsemen. Bahadur Shah fled to Deu in fear and took refuge with the Portuguese. Humayun also reached Khambhat and looted it and set it on fire. Humayun tried to establish friendship with the Portuguese by staying in Khambhat but he could not succeed. The Portuguese made an alliance with Bahadur Shah and promised to help him.
Humayun's authority over Gujarat:
Humayun returned to Champaner from Khambhat. He took control of Champaner fort from where he got immense wealth. Humayun spent this wealth in enjoyment. After a few days, Humayun moved from Champaner towards Ahmedabad and captured Gujarat. Humayun appointed Askari Mirza as the ruler of Gujarat. After arranging Gujarat, Humayun moved towards Deu, but at the same time he was informed about the rebellion in northern India. So he left for Agra.
Death of Bahadur Shah:
As soon as Humayun returned, Bahadur Shah and his supporters started driving the Mughals out of Gujarat. Askari sought help from Tardi Beg, the ruler of Champaner, but Tardi Beg refused to help Askari. Humayun also could not send army to help Askari. That's why Bahadur Shah regained control over Gujarat and Malwa, but he could not enjoy this victory for a long time. In February 1537, he died by drowning at sea while visiting the Portuguese governor of Deu.
Reasons for the escape of the Mughals from Gujarat
Just as the Mughals had easily captured Gujarat, it slipped out of their hands. The reasons for this were the following:
1. To rule any foreign land, it is necessary that the people there should feel that foreign rule is better than its previous rule. It was necessary for the Mughals to try to win the hearts of the Gujaratis and establish a regime that would make the residents of Gujarat satisfied and happy, but Gujarat was horrified by the massacres at Mandu and Champanir. The Mughals also did not make any effort to establish well-organized governance in Gujarat, as a result of which the residents of Gujarat used to miss Bahadur Shah and his rule.
2. Askari proved himself inept in the new situation by his feasts and behaviour. There was mutual enmity among the Mughal Nobels and there was a complete lack of goodwill. Together they were unable to work in the interest of the Mughal power. While making appointments in Gujarat, Humayun did not fix the relationship between Askari and his other nobles. That is why all of them were not ready to support Askari with one vote.
3. Bahadur Shah was a very popular ruler and the people of Gujarat were ready to do anything for him. The movement in support of Bahadur Shah was a mass movement in Gujarat which was not easy to face.
4. Humayun showed so much carelessness that he did not even remove the entire treasury received in the fort of Champanir. Tardi Beg took as much money as he could. The rest again went to Bahadur Shah. The wisdom was that the entire treasury would have been sent to Agra or Delhi.
5. It seems that the intelligence department of the Mughals was not alert and capable. Because of this, Humayun could not get full knowledge of different parts of Askari and Gujarat. In the end, he came to know about it after the circumstances were dire.
6. Humayun, who was very close to Gujarat, remained calm. He was so busy with his lethargy and opium intoxication that he did not even look at it. Even if it is assumed that he did not have much army to send to Gujarat, that is why he did not send help or military help was not sought from him, it is difficult to tell that during these rebellions, he did not send any help to establish peace there. Why didn't he consult? Why did he adopt such detachment? It is clear that Humayun's carelessness became a major reason for the migration of Mughals to Gujarat. In any case, Lenpool believes that Malwa and Gujarat fell like ripe fruits from the hands of Humayun. No victory was so easy and no victory was destroyed so casually.
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