The empire that Babur had established by defeating the Afghans in the battles of Panipat and Ghaghra, was lost by Humayun after being defeated by Sher Shah in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj. Humayun was an experienced general, yet he failed in front of Sher Shah.
The challenges
1. Non-cooperation of Mirzas and brothers:
Muhammad Zaman Mirza, Muhammad Sultan Mirza, Mehdi Khwaja etc. Amirs of Taimur dynasty were allies of Babur and considered themselves as entitled to the throne of mughal like Babur. Most of them Mirzas did not support Humayun. Humayun had given a large part of his kingdom to his brothers, but the brothers did not help Humayun on time.
2. Empty Treasury:
Historians have also considered Humayun's empty treasury responsible for Humayun's failures. Babur sent a lot of money received from Delhi and Agra to his relatives and friends in Samarkand, Bukhara and Fargana. Due to which there was a shortage of money for the army. When Humayun needed the logistics and armaments of the army to fight Sher Khan, then Humayun did not get financial support from anywhere.
3. Bigotry of Humayun:
Humayun introduced religious bigotry like the Muslim rulers of that period and did not try to befriend the Rajputs. When Karnavati, the queen of Mewar, sought Humayun's help by sending a rakhi, it was a great opportunity for Humayun to win the trust of the Rajputs by helping Mewar, but he did not think it appropriate to help the infidels. Had he made the Rajputs his friends, these Rajputs would have helped Humayun a lot not only against Bahadur Shah, the emperor of Gujarat, but also against the Afghans and Sher Khan.
4. Simultaneous encounter of Sher Khan and Bahadur Shah:
The biggest reason for Humayun's failure was that like Napoleon his enemies were on both the east and the west, he had to fight on two opposite fronts. He had to fight simultaneously against Sher Shah in the east and Bahadur Shah in the west. Humayun did not have the ability to take war against both together.
5. Lack of efficient use of artillery:
One of the reasons for Humayun's failure was that he could not make efficient use of artillery like his father Babur because the Afghans also had artillery and it had become much better than the artillery of the Mughals. That's why Humayun's gunner Mustafa Rumi Khan could not penetrate Chunar's fort for five months even after trying a many times. Sher Khan got time to consolidate his position and the circumstances went out of Humayun's hands.
Humayun's mistakes
Humayun kept making one mistake after another throughout his life, which had serious consequences.
1. Punjab, Kabul and Kandhar were given to Kamran in the division of the empire
The biggest mistake in dividing the state was that such a part was given to the traitor Kamran which was the soul of Babur's state. As a result, Humayun was left with only the new state and the means by which it was acquired and by which it could be held, passed out of his hands.
2. Economic extravagance
Humayun organized a party in Agra in which twelve thousand men were given feast and food. This extravagance was not justified at this time. Rushbrooke William rightly says that with this the old story began - economic decline, discord the end of the dynasty.
3. Not helping to Chittor:
Not accepting Chittor's offer of help against Gujarat's ruler Bahadur Shah was a big mistake of Humayun. Due to this he lost the opportunity to befriend the Rajputs.
4. Marriage with Hamida Banu:
Hamida Banu was the daughter of the religious leader of Hindal. That's why Hindal did not want Humayun to marry her but Humayun did not listen to him and Hindal got angry and left Humayun's side. Seeing Humayun's debauchery, other companions also left Humayun's side. The result of this was that Humayun was forced by his own brothers to run away from India.
5. Setting up a military camp at a lower place:
Under the influence of Sher Khan, Humayun set up his military camp at a lower place in Kannauj. Unfortunately for him it rained heavily in the month of May as well and his military camp was filled with water.
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