Sher Khan proved to be the most powerful enemy of Humayun. He was the leader of the Afghans. Taking advantage of Humayun's absence in North India, he established authority over South Bihar and also won the fort of Chunar. This fort was located on the land route and river route going east from Agra.. For this reason it was called the Gate of Eastern India and was very important from a strategic point of view.
Initial concerns about Sher Khan: Hindu Beg's report
After appointing Hindu Beg in Jaunpur, Humayun gave him the additional responsibility of keeping an eye on Sher Khan. According to the report presented by Hindu Beg, Sher Khan was loyal, he used to read the name of Hazrat Badshah in the Khutba, the area of his empire expansion was in the east, he did not use his own coin. According to this report, Humayun got confused and started enjoying himself. Taking advantage of this, Sher Khan continued to strengthen his position in Bengal.
Humayun's Bengal campaign: Sher Khan's rebuttal
Later, as soon as Humayun got information about Sher Khan's activities, he managed the capital and left for Bengal on 27 July 1537 with the army. On receiving this news, Sher Khan sent Humayun to say that he was still Humayun's servant and had not attacked Mughal territory, so he need not do so.
Siege of Chunar by Humayun: Capture of Sher Khan's Gaur and Rohtas
In November 1537, when Humayun was laying siege to Chunar, at the same time Sher Khan was also laying siege to Gaur. Actually there were two parties in Humayun's camp, the first party believed that before Shershah captures Gaur, we should attack Gaur and get it because there is the treasury of Bengal. The other side believed that Chunar should be conquered first and it is not right to leave it behind. Humayun asked the opinion of Khan Khana Yusuf Khel, got the answer that the youths are of the opinion that Chunar should be won while the elders are of the opinion that they should move towards Gaur. Humayun said that I am young. But Humayun could not win Chunar for the next six months and on the other side Sher Khan captured Gaur. By the time Humayun won Chunar, Sher Khan also obtained the fort of Rohtas by deceit.
Humayun's conquest of Banaras, failure of treaty proposal and entry into Bengal, entrapment and return
After Chunar, Humayun captured Banaras. After this, treaty talks went on between Humayun and Sher Khan, which soon broke down. He reached Teliagarh in May 1538 AD. Here he came to know that Sher Khan's son Jalal Khan had closed the road leading to Gaur. There he had to fight and Jalal Khan went back. Humayun reached Gaur in August, 1538 AD. Here again Humayun wasted almost 8 months in celebrating joy. During this time he completely neglected the war and in this vacation, Sher Khan strengthened his position and destroyed the means of traffic between Delhi and Bengal. He also took Kara, Kannauj and Sambhal under his control and by January, 1539 AD, the whole region between Kosi and Ganga came in the hands of Sher Khan. Hindal left Bihar and went to Agra. When Humayun found himself in such a dire situation, he immediately decided to return to Agra. And started the journey of return in March 1539 AD.
Battle of Chausa : 26 june 1539 AD.
Sher Khan blocked the road to Agra because only a sure victory over Sher Khan could help Humayun reach Agra. The armies of Humayun and Sher Khan stood facing each other for three months from April 1539 AD to June 1539 AD, but neither started the war. This delay is in the interest of Sher Khan, Humayun did not consider this matter. As a result, it started raining after three months, the Mughal camp was flooded, due to which disturbances spread in Humayun's forces. Sher Khan got a good opportunity and on June 26, 1539 AD, the battle of Chausa took place. Humayun was defeated and with the help of a Bhishti he barely saved his life. He also had to lose his wives.
Battle of Kannauj in 1540 AD.
After the defeat of Chausa, Humayun reached Agra, here he called all his brothers for advice. Kamran proposed to fight against Sher Khan with 20,000 soldiers but Humayun rejected it as he did not trust his brother. He proposed that if Kamran would help him with his army, he would accept the help. The differences between the two brothers could not be resolved and Kamran returned to Lahore with his army. Somehow Humayun succeeded in raising an army. The number of this fighting army of Mughal soldiers was about 40,000. The battle of Kannauj took place in May 17, 1540 AD. In this war, the Mughal artillery proved futile because it was not brought into the war. In Kannauj also, Humayun did not start the attack for a whole month. Humayun was again defeated in the battle of Kannauj. Humayun became a fugitive and Sher Khan became the master of Agra and Delhi.
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